1(1,2,3,4,5)John R. Herring, Ed., “OpenGIS Implementation Specification for Geographic information – Simple feature access – Part 1: Common architecture,” Oct. 2006.

[2] M.J. Egenhofer and John R. Herring, Categorizing Binary Topological Relations Between Regions, Lines, and Points in Geographic Databases, Orono, ME: University of Maine, 1991.

[3] E. Clementini, P. Di Felice, and P. van Oosterom, “A Small Set of Formal Topological Relationships Suitable for End-User Interaction,” Third International Symposium on Large Spatial Databases (SSD). Lecture Notes in Computer Science no. 692, David Abel and Beng Chin Ooi, Eds., Singapore: Springer Verlag, 1993, pp. 277-295.

4(1,2,3) C. Strobl, “Dimensionally Extended Nine-Intersection Model (DE-9IM),” Encyclopedia of GIS, S. Shekhar and H. Xiong, Eds., Springer, 2008, pp. 240-245. [PDF]

[5] Martin Davis, “JTS Technical Specifications,” Mar. 2003. [PDF]

[6] David H. Douglas and Thomas K. Peucker, “Algorithms for the Reduction of the Number of Points Required to Represent a Digitized Line or its Caricature,” Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization, vol. 10, Dec. 1973, pp. 112-122.